电子健康记录(EHRS)在患者级别汇总了多种信息,并保留了整个时间内患者健康状况进化的轨迹代表。尽管此信息提供了背景,并且可以由医生利用以监控患者的健康并进行更准确的预后/诊断,但患者记录可以包含长期跨度的信息,这些信息与快速生成的医疗数据速率相结合,使临床决策变得更加复杂。患者轨迹建模可以通过以可扩展的方式探索现有信息来帮助,并可以通过促进预防医学实践来增强医疗保健质量。我们为建模患者轨迹提出了一种解决方案,该解决方案结合了不同类型的信息并考虑了临床数据的时间方面。该解决方案利用了两种不同的架构:一组支持灵活的输入功能集,以将患者的录取转换为密集的表示;以及在基于复发的架构中进行的第二次探索提取的入院表示,其中使用滑动窗口机制在子序列中处理患者轨迹。使用公开可用的模仿III临床数据库评估了开发的解决方案,以两种不同的临床结果,意外的患者再入院和疾病进展。获得的结果证明了第一个体系结构使用单个患者入院进行建模和诊断预测的潜力。虽然临床文本中的信息并未显示在其他现有作品中观察到的判别能力,但这可以通过微调临床模型来解释。最后,我们使用滑动窗口机制来表示基于序列的体系结构的潜力,以表示输入数据,从而获得与其他现有解决方案的可比性能。
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Computational pathology can lead to saving human lives, but models are annotation hungry and pathology images are notoriously expensive to annotate. Self-supervised learning has shown to be an effective method for utilizing unlabeled data, and its application to pathology could greatly benefit its downstream tasks. Yet, there are no principled studies that compare SSL methods and discuss how to adapt them for pathology. To address this need, we execute the largest-scale study of SSL pre-training on pathology image data, to date. Our study is conducted using 4 representative SSL methods on diverse downstream tasks. We establish that large-scale domain-aligned pre-training in pathology consistently out-performs ImageNet pre-training in standard SSL settings such as linear and fine-tuning evaluations, as well as in low-label regimes. Moreover, we propose a set of domain-specific techniques that we experimentally show leads to a performance boost. Lastly, for the first time, we apply SSL to the challenging task of nuclei instance segmentation and show large and consistent performance improvements under diverse settings.
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Evaluating new techniques on realistic datasets plays a crucial role in the development of ML research and its broader adoption by practitioners. In recent years, there has been a significant increase of publicly available unstructured data resources for computer vision and NLP tasks. However, tabular data -- which is prevalent in many high-stakes domains -- has been lagging behind. To bridge this gap, we present Bank Account Fraud (BAF), the first publicly available privacy-preserving, large-scale, realistic suite of tabular datasets. The suite was generated by applying state-of-the-art tabular data generation techniques on an anonymized,real-world bank account opening fraud detection dataset. This setting carries a set of challenges that are commonplace in real-world applications, including temporal dynamics and significant class imbalance. Additionally, to allow practitioners to stress test both performance and fairness of ML methods, each dataset variant of BAF contains specific types of data bias. With this resource, we aim to provide the research community with a more realistic, complete, and robust test bed to evaluate novel and existing methods.
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Chronic pain is a multi-dimensional experience, and pain intensity plays an important part, impacting the patients emotional balance, psychology, and behaviour. Standard self-reporting tools, such as the Visual Analogue Scale for pain, fail to capture this burden. Moreover, this type of tools is susceptible to a degree of subjectivity, dependent on the patients clear understanding of how to use it, social biases, and their ability to translate a complex experience to a scale. To overcome these and other self-reporting challenges, pain intensity estimation has been previously studied based on facial expressions, electroencephalograms, brain imaging, and autonomic features. However, to the best of our knowledge, it has never been attempted to base this estimation on the patient narratives of the personal experience of chronic pain, which is what we propose in this work. Indeed, in the clinical assessment and management of chronic pain, verbal communication is essential to convey information to physicians that would otherwise not be easily accessible through standard reporting tools, since language, sociocultural, and psychosocial variables are intertwined. We show that language features from patient narratives indeed convey information relevant for pain intensity estimation, and that our computational models can take advantage of that. Specifically, our results show that patients with mild pain focus more on the use of verbs, whilst moderate and severe pain patients focus on adverbs, and nouns and adjectives, respectively, and that these differences allow for the distinction between these three pain classes.
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计算方法开始用于设计数据和生成过程所推动的动态视觉身份。在这项工作中,我们探索了这些计算方法,以生成创建定制效率和图像的视觉标识。我们实现了开发的生成设计系统,该设计系统会自动组装黑白视觉模块。该系统生成设计执行两种主要方法的设计:(i)辅助生成;(ii)自动生成。辅助生成方法产生输出,其中模块的放置由以前定义的配置文件确定。另一方面,自动生成方法会产生输出,其中组装模块以描绘输入图像。该系统加快了一个视觉标识设计的设计和部署的过程,并在它们之间生成了视觉连贯性。在本文中,我们可以压制地描述该系统及其成就。
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我们研究了图结构识别的问题,即在时间序列之间恢复依赖图的图。我们将这些时间序列数据建模为线性随机网络动力学系统状态的组成部分。我们假设部分可观察性,其中仅观察到一个包含网络的节点子集的状态演变。我们设计了一个从观察到的时间序列计算的新功能向量,并证明这些特征是线性可分离的,即存在一个超平面,该超平面将与连接的节点成对相关的特征群体与与断开对相关的节点相关联。这使得可以训练各种分类器进行因果推理的功能。特别是,我们使用这些功能来训练卷积神经网络(CNN)。由此产生的因果推理机制优于最先进的W.R.T.样品复杂性。受过训练的CNN概括了结构上不同的网络(密集或稀疏)和噪声级别的轮廓。值得注意的是,他们在通过合成网络(随机图的实现)训练时也很好地概括了现实世界网络。最后,提出的方法始终以成对的方式重建图,也就是说,通过确定每对相应的时间序列中的每对节点中是否存在边缘或箭头或不存在箭头。这符合大规模系统的框架,在该系统中,网络中所有节点的观察或处理都令人难以置信。
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现代分布式系统受到耐故障算法的支持,例如可靠的广播和共识,即使系统的某些节点失败,也可以确保系统的正确操作。但是,分布式算法的开发是一个手动且复杂的过程,导致科学论文通常呈现单一算法或现有算法的变化。为了自动化开发此类算法的过程,这项工作提出了一种使用强化学习来生成正确且有效耐受性分布式分布式算法的智能代理。我们表明,我们的方法能够在仅12,000个学习剧集中生成正确的耐受性可靠的广播算法,而文献中的其他人则具有相同的性能。
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神经网络是基于学习的软件系统的重要组成部分。但是,它们的高计算,内存和功率要求使在低资源域中使用它们具有挑战性。因此,在部署前通常对神经网络进行量化。现有的量化技术倾向于降低网络准确性。我们提出了反示例引导的神经网络量化改进(CEG4N)。该技术结合了基于搜索的量化和等效性验证:前者最小化了计算要求,而后者保证网络的输出在量化后不会改变。我们根据包括大型和小型网络在内的各种基准测试对CEG4N〜进行评估。我们的技术成功地量化了我们评估中的网络,同时生产的模型比最先进的技术高达72%。
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30天的医院再入院是一个长期存在的医疗问题,会影响患者的发病率和死亡率,每年造成数十亿美元的损失。最近,已经创建了机器学习模型来预测特定疾病患者的住院再入院风险,但是不存在任何模型来预测所有患者的风险。我们开发了一个双向长期记忆(LSTM)网络,该网络能够使用随时可用的保险数据(住院访问,门诊就诊和药物处方)来预测任何入院患者的30天重新入选,无论其原因如何。使用历史,住院和入院后数据时,表现最佳模型的ROC AUC为0.763(0.011)。 LSTM模型显着优于基线随机森林分类器,表明了解事件的顺序对于模型预测很重要。与仅住院数据相比,与住院数据相比,将30天的历史数据纳入也显着改善了模型性能,这表明患者入院前的临床病史,包括门诊就诊和药房数据是重新入院的重要贡献者。我们的结果表明,机器学习模型能够使用结构化保险计费数据以合理的准确性来预测住院再入院的风险。由于可以从网站中提取计费数据或同等代理人,因此可以部署此类模型以识别有入院风险的患者,或者分配更多可靠的随访(更近的后续后续,家庭健康,邮寄药物) - 出院后风险患者。
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Teaser: How seemingly trivial experiment design choices to simplify the evaluation of human-ML systems can yield misleading results.
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